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Table of Contents 
- Conference Resources
- Tutorials and Walkthroughs
- Use Cases and Demos
- Hardware
- Research
- Influential Papers
- FHE Schemes
- Libraries
- Courses
- Projects
Conference Resources
- FHE.org Sofia 2025 Conference Resources by FHE.org on Mar 25, 2025
- FHE.org Toronto 2024 Conference Resources by FHE.org on Mar 24, 2024
- FHE.org Tokyo 2023 Conference Resources by FHE.org on Mar 26, 2023
- FHE.org Trondheim 2022 Conference Resources by FHE.org on May 29, 2022
Tutorials and Walkthroughs
- A new FHE scheme for high-precision arithmetic by Robin Geelen on April 24, 2025
- Protecting user data with fully homomorphic encryption and confidential computing by IBM on July 24, 2024
- Packing Matrix-Vector Multiplication in Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Jeremy Kun on Sept 06, 2024
- Shift Networks by Jeremy Kun on Sept 02, 2024
- A High-Level Technical Overview of Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Jeremy Kun on May 04, 2024
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption: Introduction and Use-Cases by Nicolas Gama and Sandra Guasch on Nov 18, 2023
- Encoding Schemes in FHE by Jeremy Kun on September 18, 2023
- Introducing Sunscreen’s ZKP compiler by Ravital Solomon on Aug 24, 2023
- On-chain Blind Auctions Using Homomorphic Encryption by Zama on Jul 10, 2023
- Boolean SHA256 with TFHE-rs by Zama on Jul 9, 2023
- Dark Market with TFHE-rs by Zama on Jul 7, 2023
- Regular Expression Engine with TFHE-rs by Zama on June 30, 2023
- Confidential ERC-20 Tokens Using Homomorphic Encryption by Zama on June 28, 2023
- Building an FHE compiler for the real world by Ravital Solomon on May 18, 2023
- Efficient FHEW bootstrapping with small evaluation keys by Jiayi Kang on May 8, 2023
- A study of polynomial functions with applications to FHE bootstrapping by Robin Geelen on April 24, 2023
- Encrypted Key-value Database using FHE by Zama on Mar 16, 2023
- Sample Extraction from RLWE to LWE by Jeremy Kun on February 27, 2023
- Google’s Fully Homomorphic Encryption Compiler — A Primer by Jeremy Kun on February 13, 2023
- Estimating the Security of Ring Learning with Errors (RLWE) by Cathie Yun on December 28, 2022
- Negacyclic Polynomial Multiplication by Jeremy Kun on December 9, 2022
- Real-world deployment of FHE-based private information retrieval by Samir Menon on Oct 10, 2022
- Key Switching in LWE by Jeremy Kun on Aug 29, 2022
- Conway’s Game of Life by Zama on Aug 18, 2022
- Modulus Switching in LWE by Jeremy Kun on July 12, 2022
- New packing and batching techniques for FHE schemes (Eurocrypt 2022) by Hilder V. L. Pereira on June 06, 2022
- High-precision bootstrapping for approximate FHE by Robin Geelen on June 11, 2022
- TFHE deep-dive - part 4 - Programmable Bootstrapping by Ilaria Chillotti on Jun 2, 2022
- TFHE deep-dive - part 3 - Key switching and leveled multiplications by Ilaria Chillotti on May 18, 2022
- TFHE deep-dive - part 2 - Encodings and linear leveled operations by Ilaria Chillotti on May 11, 2022
- TFHE deep-dive - part 1- Ciphertext types by Ilaria Chillotti on May 4, 2022
- Single-server private information retrieval using homomorphic encryption by Muhammad Haris on Feb 25, 2022
- The Gadget Decomposition in FHE by Jeremy Kun on December 11, 2021
- Homomorphic Encryption 101 by Marc Joye on Dec 01, 2021
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption by IBM on September 23, 2021
- 6-minute introduction to end to end encryption and try out an FHE demo for yourself Zama on Sept 15, 2021
- An Intro to Fully Homomorphic Encryption for Engineers by Ravital Solomon on Aug 30, 2021
- Introduction to Approximate Homomorphic Encryption by Yuriy Polyakov on March 26, 2021
- Introduction to Multiparty Homomorphic Encryption by Yuriy Polyakov on Oct 31, 2020
- Introduction to CKKS (Approximate Homomorphic Encryption) by Yongsoo Song on Jan 07, 2020
- Building Applications with Microsoft SEAL by Wei Dai on December 03, 2019
- Techniques in PPML by Hao Chen on December 02, 2019
- Introduction to Homomorphic Encryption by Wei Dai on December 02, 2019
- Microsoft SEAL by Kim Laine on December 02, 2019
- How would you explain homomorphic encryption? by Craig Gentry on Jan 11, 2018
- GSW13: 3rd Generation Homomorphic Encryption from Learning with Errors by Martin Albrecht on March 3, 2016
Use Cases and Demos
- Suffragium: An Encrypted Onchain Voting System Leveraging ZK and FHE Using Zama’s fhEVM by Alessandro Manfredi on Nov 6, 2024
- Combining Machine Learning and Homomorphic Encryption in the Apple Ecosystem by Apple on October 24, 2024
- Concrete ML - Machine Learning on Encrypted Data by Andrei Stoian on Sept 26th, 2024 at 5PM CEST
- Build an End-to-End Encrypted 23andMe-like Genetic Testing Application using Concrete ML by Zama on July 17, 2024
- Live Caller ID Lookup Example by Apple on July 10, 2024
- Human In Picture (HIP) using Concrete ML by Memento Research on Jun 19, 2023
- Encrypted image filtering by Zama on Feb 23, 2023
- Encrypted Credit Card Approval Prediction Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Zama on Jan 31, 2024
- Private password checker by Blyss on Feb 21, 2023 [Requires sign-up]
- Sentiment analysis over encrypted data by Zama on Nov 17, 2022 [//]: # “- Private bitcoin balance by Blyss on Sept 15, 2022”
- Lattigo-polls: schedule meeting using Lattigo by Lattigo on Sept 2, 2022
- Human action recognition by Miran Kim, Xiaoqian Jiang, Kristin Lauter, Elkhan Ismayilzada, and Shayan Shams on Aug 15, 2022
- Ensuring security of artificial pancreas device system using homomorphic encryption by Haotian Weng, Chirath Hettiarachchi, Christopher Nolan, Hanna Suominen, and Artem Lenskiy on Jan 15, 2022
- Encrypted search using Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Optalysis on Nov 23, 2021
- Private set intersection via somewhat homomorphic encryption Ilia Iliashenko on Oct 28, 2021
- Concrete Boolean and Conway’s Game of Life Optalysys on Oct 29, 2021
- Homomorphic Machine Learning using Numpy & Concrete Rand Hindi, Ayoub Benaissa and Samuel Tap on Sept 30, 2021
Hardware
- BASALISC: Integrated Hardware Acceleration for BGV, CKKS, and BFV FHE by David Archer, Robin Geelen, and Michiel Van Beirendonck on March 24, 2024
- FPT: a Fixed-Point Accelerator for Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Michiel Van Beirendonck, Jan-Pieter D’Anvers, Furkan Turan, and Ingrid Verbauwhede on Nov 29, 2023
- An Optical Hardware Accelerator for FHE by Joseph Wilson on June 15, 2023
- Hardware accelerator for FHEW by Jonas Bertels on May 25, 2023
- Medha: Microcoded Hardware Accelerator for computing on Encrypted Data by Ahmet Can Mert and Aikata on Feb 16, 2023
- FHE at the speed of light by Florent Michel on Dec 21, 2021
- Why we need revolutionary hardware for FHE by Rosario Cammarota on Nov 23, 2021
Research
- Practical TFHE Ciphertext Sanitization for Oblivious Circuit Evaluation by Intak Hwang on May 22nd, 2025
- Exploring General Cyclotomic Rings in Torus-Based FHE: Prime Power Instances by Mohammed Lemou on April 17, 2025
- 007: End-to-End Encrypted Audio Calls via Blind Audio Mixing by Emad Heydari Beni, Lode Hoste, Geert Heyman, Paschalis Tsiaflakis, Barry van Leeuwen, Robin Geelen, Marc Rivinius and Claudia Bartoli on March 28, 2025
- Apple’s Deployment of Homomorphic Encryption at Scale by Rehan Rishi, Haris Mughees, Fabian Boemer, Karl Tarbe, Nicholas Genise, Akshay Wadia, and Ruiyu Zhu on March 26, 2025
- Low Communication Threshold Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Alain Passelègue on Feb 27th, 2025
- The State of FHE Report — Q4 2024 by Zama on Jan 21st, 2025
- General Functional Bootstrapping using CKKS by Yuriy Polyakov on Jan 16th, 2025
- Recent Developments in SNARKs and Their Connection to FHE by Dan Boneh on Dec 5th, 2024
- A Fast Heuristic for Mapping Boolean Circuits to Functional Bootstrapping by Sergiu Carpov on Nov 21st, 2024
- Faster NTRU-based Bootstrapping in less than 4 ms by Zhihao Li on Nov 24th, 2024
- Designing a General-Purpose 8-bit (T)FHE Processor Abstraction by Daphné Trama on Nov 17th, 2024
- Private and Secure Fuzzy Name Matching by Harsh Kasyap and Ugur Atmaca on Oct 10th, 2024
- NIST Workshop on Privacy-Enhancing Cryptography 2024 (slide decks) by NIST on Sept 25, 2024
- Fast Transciphering Via Reconfigurable And Batched LUT Evaluation by Leonard Schild on Sept 25, 2024
- New Secret Keys for Enhanced Performance in (T)FHE by Loris Bergerat on Sept 12th, 2024
- Practical q-IND-CPA-D-Secure Approximate Homomorphic Encryption by Lea NĂĽrnberger on Jul 18th, 2024
- Homomorphic Encryption Applied to Various Use Cases by ENCRYPT blog on June 27th, 2024
- Eurocrypt24: From Null to Large P, Acceleration in BGV Bootstrapping by Barry van Leeuwen on May 30th, 2024
- FHE Beyond IND-CCA1 Security by JĂ©rĂ´me Nguyen on Jul 11th, 2024
- Greco: Fast Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Valid FHE RLWE Ciphertexts Formation by Enrico Bottazzi on Jun 27th, 2024
- FHE: Past, Present and Future by Craig Gentry on Jun 13th, 2024
- Functional bootstrapping for FV style cryptosystems by Seonhong Min on May 30th, 2024
- Towards robust FHE for the real world by Christian Knabenhans and Alexander Viand on April 24th, 2024
- Privacy-Preserving ML with Fully Homomorphic Encryption, presentation done at the MIT (CSAIL) by Zama on April 30th, 2024
- Fregata: Faster Homomorphic Evaluation of AES via TFHE by Benqiang Wei on May 9th, 2024
- Convolution-friendly Image Compression in FHE by Sergi Rovira and Axel Mertens on Apr 26th, 2024
- Homomorphic Logic Gates and Integrated Circuits Designs and Applications by Song Bian on Apr 11th, 2024
- Fast Blind Rotation for Bootstrapping FHEs by Dai Yiran on Mar 7th, 2024
- Simpler and Faster BFV Bootstrapping for Arbitrary Plaintext Modulus from CKKS by Jinyeong Seo on Feb 29th, 2024
- A New Perspective on Key Switching for BGV-like Schemes by Johannes Mono on Feb 22nd, 2024
- Towards Practical Transciphering for FHE with Setup Independent of the Plaintext Space by Jeongeun Park on Feb 8th, 2024
- Designs for practical SHE schemes based on Ring-LWR by Erin Hales on Jan 25th, 2024
- High-precision RNS-CKKS on small word-size architectures by Duhyeong Kim on Jan 11th, 2024
- Efficient Pruning for Machine Learning under Homomorphic Encryption by Subhankar Pal on Jan 4th, 2024
- Homomorphic Polynomial Evaluation using Galois Structure and Applications to BFV Bootstrapping by Jiayi Kang on Dec 13, 2023
- Lattigo v5: Deep Dive by Jean-Philippe Bossuat on Dec, 12th, 2023
- Crypto Dark Matter on the Torus: Oblivious PRFs from shallow PRFs and FHE by Alex Davidson on Nov, 23rd, 2023
- FHE ring packing - affordable and convenient by Jaehyung Kim on Nov 2nd, 2023
- Homomorphic Polynomial Evaluation using Galois structure and application to BFV bootstrapping by Simon Pohmann on Oct 5th, 2023
- Revisiting Key Decomposition Techniques for FHE: Simpler, Faster and More Generic by Nicolas Gama on Sept 28, 2023
- fhEVM: Confidential EVM Smart Contracts using Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Morten Dahl on Sept 21, 2023
- Faster TFHE Bootstrapping with Block Binary Keys by Seonghong Min on Sept 14, 2023
- A Fast Convolution Algorithm for Accelerating Private Model Inference by Huan-Chih Wang on July 27, 2023
- PARMESAN: Parallel ARithMEticS over ENcrypted data by Jakub Klemsa on July 20, 2023
- TFHE functional bootstrapping over multiple inputs by Pierre-Emmanuel Clet on July 6, 2023
- Panacea: Non-interactive and Stateless Oblivious RAM by Georgio Nicolas and Kelong Cong on June 29, 2023
- Improving and Automating BFV Parameters Selection: An Average-Case Approach by Beatrice Biasioli on June 20, 2023
- Differential Privacy for Free? Harnessing the Noise In Approximate Homomorphic Encryption by Tabitha Ogilvie on June 8, 2023
- Efficient TFHE Bootstrapping in the Multiparty Setting by Sergi Rovira on June 1, 2023
- Circuit Privacy for FHEW/TFHE-Style Fully Homomorphic Encryption in Practice by Kamil Kluczniak on May 11, 2023
- TT-TFHE: Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption-Friendly Neural Network Architecture by Adrien Benamira on Apr 27, 2023
- On the history of FHEMPCZK-friendly symmetric crypto by Erik Pohle on April 23, 2023
- The Path to Real World FHE: Navigating the Ciphertext Space by Shruthi Gorantala on March 28, 2023
- Faster Amortized FHEW bootstrapping using Ring Automorphisms by Duhyeong Kim and Gabrielle De Micheli on Feb 28, 2023
- On the Hardness of the Finite Field Isomorphism Problem by Antoine Joux on Jan 24, 2023
- Introducing CryptoLabs’s FHE library: HEaaN by Taekyung Kim on Dec 13, 2022
- Estimating the Difficulty of Breaking Lattice-Based Cryptography by Martin Albrecht on Nov 22, 2022
- FHE based on the NTRU problem: challenges and new constructions by Hilder Vitor Lima Pereira on Sept 27, 2022
- Homomorphic Large Precision Integers Using Concrete by Jean-Baptiste Orfila on Jul 07, 2022
- Single-Trace Side-Channel Attack on SEAL Homomorphic Encryption Library by Furkan Aydin on April 28, 2022
- Verifiable Computation over Encrypted Data: SNARKs and more by Anca Nitulescu on Mar 29, 2022
- An overview of Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption by Orel Cosseron and Clément Hoffmann on Jan 20, 2022
- Google’s C++ to FHE compiler Shruthi Gorantala and Rob Springer on Aug 26, 2021
- Developer Tools & Compilers by Alexander Viand on May 20, 2021
- TFHE deep dive by Ilaria Chillotti on Apr 15, 2021
- Introduction to MPC by Yehuda Lindell on Jan 27, 2021
- Password Monitor: Safeguarding passwords in Microsoft Edge by Kristin Lauter on Jan 21st, 2021
- Introduction to homomorphic encryption by Pascal Paillier on Nov 04, 2020
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Zvika Brakerski on July 15 2015
Influential Papers
- TFHE: Fast Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over the Torus by Ilaria Chillotti, Nicolas Gama, Mariya Georgieva and Malika Izabachène in 2016
- Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers by Jung Hee Cheon, Andrey Kim, Miran Kim, and Yongsoo Song in 2016
- FHEW: Bootstrapping Homomorphic Encryption in Less Than a Second by LĂ©o Ducas and Daniele Micciancio in 2015
- Homomorphic Encryption from Learning with Errors: Conceptually-Simpler, Asymptotically-Faster, Attribute-Based by Craig Gentry, Amit Sahai, and Brent Waters in 2013
- On-the-Fly Multiparty Computation on the Cloud via Multikey Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Adriana Lopez-Alt, Eran Tromer, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan in 2013
- Somewhat Practical Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Junfeng Fan and Frederik Vercauteren in 2012
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping by Zvika Brakerski, Craig Gentry, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan in 2011
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Ideal Lattices by Craig Gentry in 2009
- Public-Key Cryptosystems Based on Composite Degree Residuosity Classes by Pascal Paillier in 1999
- A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms by Taher ElGamal in 1985
- On data and privacy homomorphisms by Ronald L. Rivest, Len Adleman, and Michael L. Dertouzos in 1978
- A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems by Ronald .L. Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman in 1978
FHE Schemes
- BFV by Fan Junfeng and Vercauteren Frederik
- BGV by Zvika Brakerski, Craig Gentry, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan
- CKKS by Cheon Jung Hee; Kim Andrey; Kim Miran; Song Yongsoo
- FHEW by Leo Ducas and Daniele Micciancio
- TFHE by Ilaria Chillotti, Nicolas Gama, Mariya Georgieva, and Malika Izabachene
Libraries
- Concrete - Rust compiler for TFHE by Zama
- Concrete ML - Privacy Preserving ML framework built on top of Concrete by Zama
- HEaaN - C++ FHE library implementing CKKS scheme that supports bootstrapping and GPU-acceleration by Crypto Lab
- HEIR - An MLIR-based compiler toolchain for FHE by Google
- HElib - BGV scheme with bootstrapping and the Approximate Number CKKS scheme by IBM
- Jaxite - A TFHE implementation targeting TPUs, written in JAX. By Google
- Lattigo - Lattice-based multiparty homomorphic encryption library in Go by Tune Insight
- OpenFHE - Production-ready implementations of all major FHE schemes by Duality Tech
- SEAL - C++ FHE library implementing BFV and CKKS schemes by Microsoft
- Swift Homomorphic Encryption - Swift implementation of homomorphic encryption and applications by Apple
- TFHE-rs - A pure Rust implementation of TFHE for boolean and integer arithmetic over encrypted data by Zama
Courses
- Tutorial: Advanced HE packing methods with applications to ML by Hayim Shaul, Ehud Aharoni, and Nir Drucker in 2023
- CSE208: Advanced Cryptography (FHE) by Daniele Micciancio in 2023
- Foundations of Private Computation by Openmined in 2022
- Homomorphic Encryption and Lattices by Shai Halevi in 2011
Projects
- History of FHE by FHE.org on April 17, 2024
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