Home | Resources | Meetups | Conference 2025 | Join the community
đź’ˇ Looking for a list of all FHE.org meetups? See the archive here.
Table of Contents 
- Conference Resources
- Tutorials and Walkthroughs
- Use Cases and Demos
- Hardware
- Research
- Influential Papers
- FHE Schemes
- Libraries
- Courses
- Projects
Conference Resources
- FHE.org Toronto 2024 Conference Resources by FHE.org on Apr 09, 2024
- FHE.org Tokyo 2023 Conference Resources by FHE.org on Mar 26, 2023
- FHE.org Trondheim 2022 Conference Resources by FHE.org on May 29, 2022
Tutorials and Walkthroughs
- Packing Matrix-Vector Multiplication in Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Jeremy Kun on Sept 06, 2024
- Shift Networks by Jeremy Kun on Sept 02, 2024
- A High-Level Technical Overview of Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Jeremy Kun on May 04, 2024
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption: Introduction and Use-Cases by Nicolas Gama and Sandra Guasch on Nov 18, 2023
- Encoding Schemes in FHE by Jeremy Kun on September 18, 2023
- Introducing Sunscreen’s ZKP compiler by Ravital Solomon on Aug 24, 2023
- On-chain Blind Auctions Using Homomorphic Encryption by Zama on Jul 10, 2023
- Boolean SHA256 with TFHE-rs by Zama on Jul 9, 2023
- Dark Market with TFHE-rs by Zama on Jul 7, 2023
- Regular Expression Engine with TFHE-rs by Zama on June 30, 2023
- Confidential ERC-20 Tokens Using Homomorphic Encryption by Zama on June 28, 2023
- Building an FHE compiler for the real world by Ravital Solomon on May 18, 2023
- Efficient FHEW bootstrapping with small evaluation keys by Jiayi Kang on May 8, 2023
- A study of polynomial functions with applications to FHE bootstrapping by Robin Geelen on April 24, 2023
- Encrypted Key-value Database using FHE by Zama on Mar 16, 2023
- Sample Extraction from RLWE to LWE by Jeremy Kun on February 27, 2023
- Google’s Fully Homomorphic Encryption Compiler — A Primer by Jeremy Kun on February 13, 2023
- Estimating the Security of Ring Learning with Errors (RLWE) by Cathie Yun on December 28, 2022
- Negacyclic Polynomial Multiplication by Jeremy Kun on December 9, 2022
- Real-world deployment of FHE-based private information retrieval by Samir Menon on Oct 10, 2022
- Key Switching in LWE by Jeremy Kun on Aug 29, 2022
- Conway’s Game of Life by Zama on Aug 18, 2022
- Modulus Switching in LWE by Jeremy Kun on July 12, 2022
- New packing and batching techniques for FHE schemes (Eurocrypt 2022) by Hilder V. L. Pereira on June 06, 2022
- High-precision bootstrapping for approximate FHE by Robin Geelen on June 11, 2022
- TFHE deep-dive - part 4 - Programmable Bootstrapping by Ilaria Chillotti on Jun 2, 2022
- TFHE deep-dive - part 3 - Key switching and leveled multiplications by Ilaria Chillotti on May 18, 2022
- TFHE deep-dive - part 2 - Encodings and linear leveled operations by Ilaria Chillotti on May 11, 2022
- TFHE deep-dive - part 1- Ciphertext types by Ilaria Chillotti on May 4, 2022
- Single-server private information retrieval using homomorphic encryption by Muhammad Haris on Feb 25, 2022
- The Gadget Decomposition in FHE by Jeremy Kun on December 11, 2021
- Homomorphic Encryption 101 by Marc Joye on Dec 01, 2021
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption by IBM on September 23, 2021
- 6-minute introduction to end to end encryption and try out an FHE demo for yourself Zama on Sept 15, 2021
- An Intro to Fully Homomorphic Encryption for Engineers by Ravital Solomon on Aug 30, 2021
- Introduction to CKKS (Approximate Homomorphic Encryption) by Yongsoo Song on Jan 07, 2020
- Building Applications with Microsoft SEAL by Wei Dai on December 03, 2019
- Techniques in PPML by Hao Chen on December 02, 2019
- Introduction to Homomorphic Encryption by Wei Dai on December 02, 2019
- Microsoft SEAL by Kim Laine on December 02, 2019
- GSW13: 3rd Generation Homomorphic Encryption from Learning with Errors by Martin Albrecht on March 3, 2016
Use Cases and Demos
- Concrete ML - Machine Learning on Encrypted Data by Andrei Stoian on Sept 26th, 2024 at 5PM CEST
- Build an End-to-End Encrypted 23andMe-like Genetic Testing Application using Concrete ML by Zama on July 17, 2024
- Live Caller ID Lookup Example by Apple on July 10, 2024
- Human In Picture (HIP) using Concrete ML by Memento Research on Jun 19, 2023
- Encrypted image filtering by Zama on Feb 23, 2023
- Encrypted Credit Card Approval Prediction Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Zama on Jan 31, 2024
- Private password checker by Blyss on Feb 21, 2023 [Requires sign-up]
- Sentiment analysis over encrypted data by Zama on Nov 17, 2022
- Private bitcoin balance by Blyss on Sept 15, 2022
- Lattigo-polls: schedule meeting using Lattigo by Lattigo on Sept 2, 2022
- Human action recognition by Miran Kim, Xiaoqian Jiang, Kristin Lauter, Elkhan Ismayilzada, and Shayan Shams on Aug 15, 2022
- Ensuring security of artificial pancreas device system using homomorphic encryption by Haotian Weng, Chirath Hettiarachchi, Christopher Nolan, Hanna Suominen, and Artem Lenskiy on Jan 15, 2022
- Encrypted search using Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Optalysis on Nov 23, 2021
- Private set intersection via somewhat homomorphic encryption Ilia Iliashenko on Oct 28, 2021
- Concrete Boolean and Conway’s Game of Life Optalysys on Oct 29, 2021
- Homomorphic Machine Learning using Numpy & Concrete Rand Hindi, Ayoub Benaissa and Samuel Tap on Sept 30, 2021
Hardware
- BASALISC: Integrated Hardware Acceleration for BGV, CKKS, and BFV FHE by David Archer, Robin Geelen, and Michiel Van Beirendonck on March 24, 2024
- FPT: a Fixed-Point Accelerator for Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Michiel Van Beirendonck, Jan-Pieter D’Anvers, Furkan Turan, and Ingrid Verbauwhede on Nov 29, 2023
- An Optical Hardware Accelerator for FHE by Joseph Wilson on June 15, 2023
- Hardware accelerator for FHEW by Jonas Bertels on May 25, 2023
- Medha: Microcoded Hardware Accelerator for computing on Encrypted Data by Ahmet Can Mert and Aikata on Feb 16, 2023
- FHE at the speed of light by Florent Michel on Dec 21, 2021
- Why we need revolutionary hardware for FHE by Rosario Cammarota on Nov 23, 2021
Research
- Designing a General-Purpose 8-bit (T)FHE Processor Abstraction by Daphné Trama on Nov 17th, 2024
- Private and Secure Fuzzy Name Matching by Harsh Kasyap and Ugur Atmaca on Oct 10th, 2024
- New Secret Keys for Enhanced Performance in (T)FHE by Loris Bergerat on Sept 12th, 2024
- Practical q-IND-CPA-D-Secure Approximate Homomorphic Encryption by Lea NĂĽrnberger on Jul 18th, 2024
- Eurocrypt24: From Null to Large P, Acceleration in BGV Bootstrapping by Barry van Leeuwen on May 30th, 2024
- FHE Beyond IND-CCA1 Security by JĂ©rĂ´me Nguyen on Jul 11th, 2024
- Greco: Fast Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Valid FHE RLWE Ciphertexts Formation by Enrico Bottazzi on Jun 27th, 2024
- FHE: Past, Present and Future by Craig Gentry on Jun 13th, 2024
- Functional bootstrapping for FV style cryptosystems by Seonhong Min on May 30th, 2024
- Towards robust FHE for the real world by Christian Knabenhans and Alexander Viand on April 24th, 2024
- Privacy-Preserving ML with Fully Homomorphic Encryption, presentation done at the MIT (CSAIL) by Zama on April 30th, 2024
- Fregata: Faster Homomorphic Evaluation of AES via TFHE by Benqiang Wei on May 9th, 2024
- Convolution-friendly Image Compression in FHE by Sergi Rovira and Axel Mertens on Apr 26th, 2024
- Homomorphic Logic Gates and Integrated Circuits Designs and Applications by Song Bian on Apr 11th, 2024
- Fast Blind Rotation for Bootstrapping FHEs by Dai Yiran on Mar 7th, 2024
- Simpler and Faster BFV Bootstrapping for Arbitrary Plaintext Modulus from CKKS by Jinyeong Seo on Feb 29th, 2024
- A New Perspective on Key Switching for BGV-like Schemes by Johannes Mono on Feb 22nd, 2024
- Towards Practical Transciphering for FHE with Setup Independent of the Plaintext Space by Jeongeun Park on Feb 8th, 2024
- Designs for practical SHE schemes based on Ring-LWR by Erin Hales on Jan 25th, 2024
- High-precision RNS-CKKS on small word-size architectures by Duhyeong Kim on Jan 11th, 2024
- Efficient Pruning for Machine Learning under Homomorphic Encryption by Subhankar Pal on Jan 4th, 2024
- Homomorphic Polynomial Evaluation using Galois Structure and Applications to BFV Bootstrapping by Jiayi Kang on Dec 13, 2023
- Lattigo v5: Deep Dive by Jean-Philippe Bossuat on Dec, 12th, 2023
- Crypto Dark Matter on the Torus: Oblivious PRFs from shallow PRFs and FHE by Alex Davidson on Nov, 23rd, 2023
- FHE ring packing - affordable and convenient by Jaehyung Kim on Nov 2nd, 2023
- Homomorphic Polynomial Evaluation using Galois structure and application to BFV bootstrapping by Simon Pohmann on Oct 5th, 2023
- Revisiting Key Decomposition Techniques for FHE: Simpler, Faster and More Generic by Nicolas Gama on Sept 28, 2023
- fhEVM: Confidential EVM Smart Contracts using Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Morten Dahl on Sept 21, 2023
- Faster TFHE Bootstrapping with Block Binary Keys by Seonghong Min on Sept 14, 2023
- A Fast Convolution Algorithm for Accelerating Private Model Inference by Huan-Chih Wang on July 27, 2023
- PARMESAN: Parallel ARithMEticS over ENcrypted data by Jakub Klemsa on July 20, 2023
- TFHE functional bootstrapping over multiple inputs by Pierre-Emmanuel Clet on July 6, 2023
- Panacea: Non-interactive and Stateless Oblivious RAM by Georgio Nicolas and Kelong Cong on June 29, 2023
- Improving and Automating BFV Parameters Selection: An Average-Case Approach by Beatrice Biasioli on June 20, 2023
- Differential Privacy for Free? Harnessing the Noise In Approximate Homomorphic Encryption by Tabitha Ogilvie on June 8, 2023
- Efficient TFHE Bootstrapping in the Multiparty Setting by Sergi Rovira on June 1, 2023
- Circuit Privacy for FHEW/TFHE-Style Fully Homomorphic Encryption in Practice by Kamil Kluczniak on May 11, 2023
- TT-TFHE: Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption-Friendly Neural Network Architecture by Adrien Benamira on Apr 27, 2023
- On the history of FHEMPCZK-friendly symmetric crypto by Erik Pohle on April 23, 2023
- The Path to Real World FHE: Navigating the Ciphertext Space by Shruthi Gorantala on March 28, 2023
- Faster Amortized FHEW bootstrapping using Ring Automorphisms by Duhyeong Kim and Gabrielle De Micheli on Feb 28, 2023
- On the Hardness of the Finite Field Isomorphism Problem by Antoine Joux on Jan 24, 2023
- Introducing CryptoLabs’s FHE library: HEaaN by Taekyung Kim on Dec 13, 2022
- Estimating the Difficulty of Breaking Lattice-Based Cryptography by Martin Albrecht on Nov 22, 2022
- FHE based on the NTRU problem: challenges and new constructions by Hilder Vitor Lima Pereira on Sept 27, 2022
- Homomorphic Large Precision Integers Using Concrete by Jean-Baptiste Orfila on Jul 07, 2022
- Single-Trace Side-Channel Attack on SEAL Homomorphic Encryption Library by Furkan Aydin on April 28, 2022
- Verifiable Computation over Encrypted Data: SNARKs and more by Anca Nitulescu on Mar 29, 2022
- An overview of Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption by Orel Cosseron and Clément Hoffmann on Jan 20, 2022
- Google’s C++ to FHE compiler Shruthi Gorantala and Rob Springer on Aug 26, 2021
- Developer Tools & Compilers by Alexander Viand on May 20, 2021
- TFHE deep dive by Ilaria Chillotti on Apr 15, 2021
- Introduction to MPC by Yehuda Lindell on Jan 27, 2021
- Introduction to homomorphic encryption by Pascal Paillier on Nov 04, 2020
Influential Papers
- TFHE: Fast Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over the Torus by Ilaria Chillotti, Nicolas Gama, Mariya Georgieva and Malika Izabachène in 2016
- Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers by Jung Hee Cheon, Andrey Kim, Miran Kim, and Yongsoo Song in 2016
- FHEW: Bootstrapping Homomorphic Encryption in Less Than a Second by LĂ©o Ducas and Daniele Micciancio in 2015
- Homomorphic Encryption from Learning with Errors: Conceptually-Simpler, Asymptotically-Faster, Attribute-Based by Craig Gentry, Amit Sahai, and Brent Waters in 2013
- On-the-Fly Multiparty Computation on the Cloud via Multikey Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Adriana Lopez-Alt, Eran Tromer, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan in 2013
- Somewhat Practical Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Junfeng Fan and Frederik Vercauteren in 2012
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping by Zvika Brakerski, Craig Gentry, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan in 2011
- Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Ideal Lattices by Craig Gentry in 2009
- Public-Key Cryptosystems Based on Composite Degree Residuosity Classes by Pascal Paillier in 1999
- A Public Key Cryptosystem and a Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms by Taher ElGamal in 1985
- On data and privacy homomorphisms by Ronald L. Rivest, Len Adleman, and Michael L. Dertouzos in 1978
- A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems by Ronald .L. Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman in 1978
FHE Schemes
- BFV by Fan Junfeng and Vercauteren Frederik
- BGV by Zvika Brakerski, Craig Gentry, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan
- CKKS by Cheon Jung Hee; Kim Andrey; Kim Miran; Song Yongsoo
- FHEW by Leo Ducas and Daniele Micciancio
- TFHE by Ilaria Chillotti, Nicolas Gama, Mariya Georgieva, and Malika Izabachene
Libraries
- Concrete - Rust compiler for TFHE by Zama
- Concrete ML - Privacy Preserving ML framework built on top of Concrete by Zama
- HEaaN - C++ FHE library implementing CKKS scheme that supports bootstrapping and GPU-acceleration by Crypto Lab
- HEIR - An MLIR-based compiler toolchain for FHE by Google
- HElib - BGV scheme with bootstrapping and the Approximate Number CKKS scheme by IBM
- Jaxite - A TFHE implementation targeting TPUs, written in JAX. By Google
- Lattigo - Lattice-based multiparty homomorphic encryption library in Go by Tune Insight
- OpenFHE - Production-ready implementations of all major FHE schemes by Duality Tech
- SEAL - C++ FHE library implementing BFV and CKKS schemes by Microsoft
- TFHE-rs - A pure Rust implementation of TFHE for booleans and small integer arithmetics over encrypted data by Zama
Courses
- Tutorial: Advanced HE packing methods with applications to ML by Hayim Shaul, Ehud Aharoni, and Nir Drucker in 2023
- CSE208: Advanced Cryptography (FHE) by Daniele Micciancio in 2023
- Foundations of Private Computation by Openmined in 2022
- Homomorphic Encryption and Lattices by Shai Halevi in 2011
Projects
- History of FHE by FHE.org on April 17, 2024
đź’™ This website is a resource provided and contributed by the FHE.org community and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. We welcome any contributions to this website! Read the contribution guidelines first and simply open a PR on the Git shub repo to add your resources.